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Older notes, lessons, and series entries from the growing technical library.

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Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 46

What a Browser Does: From URL to Interactive Page

Follow a browser through URL parsing, DNS, networking, security, HTML and CSS parsing, JavaScript execution, layout, painting, compositing, storage, and process isolation.

#technology#computer-science#browser#web

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 45

HTTPS and Encryption in Transit: What the Browser Lock Protects

Learn how HTTPS and TLS authenticate servers, negotiate keys, encrypt HTTP, detect tampering, use certificates, and what they cannot guarantee about a website.

#technology#computer-science#https#web

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 44

HTTP Requests and Responses: The Structured Conversation of the Web

Learn HTTP methods, targets, headers, bodies, status codes, content negotiation, caching, connections, idempotency, and what happens during a web request.

#technology#computer-science#http#web

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 43

Clients and Servers: Roles in a Network Conversation

Learn what clients and servers are, how requests, listeners, concurrency, APIs, state, scaling, proxies, peer-to-peer systems, and failures shape network applications.

#technology#computer-science#client-server#web

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 42

Domains, Subdomains, and URLs: Reading a Web Address Correctly

Learn every part of a URL, how domains and subdomains relate, what schemes, ports, paths, queries, fragments, encoding, origins, and relative URLs mean.

#technology#computer-science#urls#web

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 41

DNS: Names for Internet Addresses and Other Routing Information

Learn how DNS resolvers, root servers, TLDs, authoritative servers, records, TTLs, caching, delegation, DNSSEC, and encrypted DNS answer name queries.

#technology#computer-science#dns#web

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 40

Ports and Network Connections: Delivering Traffic to the Right Application

Learn how TCP and UDP ports identify application endpoints, how sockets and connections use address-port pairs, and how listeners, ephemeral ports, firewalls, and NAT fit together.

#technology#computer-science#network-ports#networking

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 39

Bandwidth, Latency, and Jitter: Three Different Network Speeds

Learn how bandwidth, throughput, latency, round-trip time, jitter, loss, queues, and bufferbloat affect downloads, calls, games, and web browsing differently.

#technology#computer-science#network-performance#networking

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 38

Wi-Fi Explained: Sharing a Local Radio Channel

Learn how Wi-Fi access points and clients use radio bands, channels, modulation, contention, signal strength, MIMO, roaming, and encryption.

#technology#computer-science#wifi#networking

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 37

Modems and Internet Providers: Connecting Your Network Outward

Learn how cable modems, fiber terminals, DSL, cellular access, routers, providers, authentication, addressing, upload speeds, and shared infrastructure connect users to the internet.

#technology#computer-science#isp#networking

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 36

Routers and Routing: How Packets Find the Next Hop

Learn how routers use destination prefixes, routing tables, longest-prefix matching, default routes, dynamic protocols, metrics, and hop-by-hop forwarding.

#technology#computer-science#routing#networking

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 35

IPv4 and IPv6: Why the Internet Uses Two Address Families

Learn how IPv4 and IPv6 addresses differ, why IPv4 exhaustion led to NAT, how IPv6 notation and configuration work, and why migration requires coexistence.

#technology#computer-science#ipv6#networking

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 34

IP Addresses: Locations for Routing, Not Permanent Identities

Learn what IP addresses identify, how prefixes divide networks and hosts, how private, public, static, dynamic, loopback, and link-local addresses differ.

#technology#computer-science#ip-addresses#networking

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 33

Packets: How Data Travels in Manageable Pieces

Learn why networks split data into packets, what headers and payloads contain, how packets share links, take routes, encounter loss, and are reassembled.

#technology#computer-science#packets#networking

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 32

LAN, WAN, and the Internet: Networks at Different Scales

Learn how local and wide-area networks differ, how private networks connect through providers, and why the internet is a federation of independently operated networks.

#technology#computer-science#networking#internet

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 31

What Is a Computer Network? Connected Devices Plus Shared Rules

Learn what makes a computer network, how links and protocols let devices exchange data, and how switches, routers, clients, servers, and layered communication fit together.

#technology#computer-science#networking#internet

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 30

Updates, Patches, and Versions: Why Software Keeps Changing

Learn why software updates fix security and compatibility issues, how versions and release channels work, and how to update safely without confusing backups or upgrades.

#technology#computer-science#updates#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 29

Drivers: Translating for Hardware Through Standard Interfaces

Learn how device drivers connect operating systems to hardware, handle commands and interrupts, expose standard APIs, and why driver compatibility and privilege matter.

#technology#computer-science#drivers#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 28

Installing and Uninstalling Software: What Changes on Your Computer

Learn what installers copy and configure, how package managers track software, why privileges and signatures matter, and what uninstallers intentionally leave behind.

#technology#computer-science#software-installation#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 27

What a File Extension Means: A Hint, Not the File Itself

Learn how file extensions relate to formats and applications, why renaming does not convert data, how magic bytes and MIME types identify content, and why mismatches matter.

#technology#computer-science#file-formats#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20266 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 26

Files, Folders, and Paths: How Computers Organize Stored Information

Learn how file systems name and locate data, how absolute and relative paths work, and why directories, metadata, permissions, links, and case sensitivity matter.

#technology#computer-science#files#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 25

Virtual Memory: Private Address Spaces Built on Physical RAM

Learn how virtual addresses map to physical memory, why pages and page tables exist, how isolation and demand paging work, and why swapping is slower than RAM.

#technology#computer-science#virtual-memory#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 24

Multitasking and Scheduling: How Programs Share the CPU

Learn how operating-system schedulers choose runnable threads, use time slices and priorities, perform context switches, and balance responsiveness, fairness, and throughput.

#technology#computer-science#scheduling#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 23

Processes and Threads: How Running Programs Are Organized

Learn the difference between programs, processes, and threads, how address spaces isolate applications, how threads share state, and why browsers use both.

#technology#computer-science#processes#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 22

The Kernel: The Privileged Core of an Operating System

Learn what the kernel controls, how user mode and kernel mode differ, what system calls do, and how kernels manage memory, processes, devices, and failures.

#technology#computer-science#kernel#operating-systems

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 21

What an Operating System Does: The Manager Between Apps and Hardware

Learn how operating systems manage processors, memory, files, devices, users, security, networking, and common application services.

#technology#computer-science#operating-systems#software

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 20

What Happens When a Computer Starts: From Power Button to Desktop

Follow the boot process through power stabilization, firmware, hardware initialization, UEFI, bootloaders, the operating-system kernel, drivers, services, and login.

#technology#computer-science#boot#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 19

Batteries and Power Management: Where Device Runtime Goes

Learn how batteries store energy, how watts and watt-hours differ, why screens and processors drain power, and how charging, heat, and aging affect runtime.

#technology#computer-science#batteries#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 18

Ports, Cables, and Protocols: Why the Plug Shape Is Not Enough

Learn the difference between connectors and protocols, understand USB-C capabilities, data rates, video modes, charging negotiation, cable limits, and adapters.

#technology#computer-science#usb#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 17

GPUs and Parallel Work: Why Thousands of Small Tasks Matter

Learn how GPUs differ from CPUs, why graphics is parallel, how shaders and GPU memory work, and why the same architecture accelerates science and AI.

#technology#computer-science#gpu#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 16

The Motherboard and Data Buses: How Computer Parts Communicate

Learn how a motherboard connects components, distributes power, starts hardware, and carries data through memory channels, PCI Express, and device interfaces.

#technology#computer-science#motherboard#hardware

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 15

Storage: SSDs and Hard Drives Explained Clearly

Compare solid-state drives and hard drives, learn how each stores bits, and understand latency, throughput, endurance, failure, interfaces, and backups.

#technology#computer-science#storage#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 14

RAM: The Computer's Workbench for Active Programs

Learn what RAM stores, why programs need fast working memory, what happens when memory fills, and how capacity, speed, channels, and latency differ.

#technology#computer-science#ram#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 13

CPU Cores and Clock Speed: What Actually Makes a Processor Fast?

Understand gigahertz, CPU cores, instructions per cycle, parallel workloads, boost clocks, thermal limits, and why specifications alone cannot predict performance.

#technology#computer-science#cpu#performance

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 12

What the CPU Actually Does: Fetch, Decode, and Execute

Follow the CPU instruction cycle and learn how registers, arithmetic units, branches, caches, and machine instructions turn programs into actions.

#technology#computer-science#cpu#hardware

Jul 16, 20267 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 11

The Main Parts of a Computer: A Beginner's Map of the Machine

Learn how the CPU, RAM, storage, motherboard, GPU, power system, and input-output devices cooperate to run applications.

#technology#computer-science#hardware#computers

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 10

File Size, Storage, and Speed: Capacity Is Not Performance

Learn how file size, storage capacity, transfer rate, latency, and processing speed differ, then estimate downloads and understand common unit confusion.

#technology#computer-science#storage#performance

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 9

Compression: Making Files Smaller Without Losing Their Usefulness

Understand lossless and lossy compression, redundancy, dictionaries, perceptual coding, compression ratios, and why already-compressed files rarely shrink again.

#technology#computer-science#compression#data

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 8

How Sound Becomes Data: Sampling a Wave into Numbers

Learn how microphones, sampling, bit depth, channels, and audio formats turn air vibrations into digital sound and back again.

#technology#computer-science#audio#data

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 7

How Images Become Data: Pixels, Color, Resolution, and Files

Learn how digital images store color measurements as pixels, what resolution and color depth mean, and how cameras and image formats turn light into data.

#technology#computer-science#images#data

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 6

How Text Becomes Data: Unicode, Characters, and UTF-8

Learn how computers turn letters and emoji into numbers, what Unicode standardizes, how UTF-8 encodes characters as bytes, and why garbled text appears.

#technology#computer-science#unicode#data

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 5

How Binary Represents Numbers: Place Value with Powers of Two

Learn to read and write binary numbers using place value, convert between binary and decimal, understand ranges, and see how computers store signed values.

#technology#computer-science#binary#digital-foundations

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 4

Why Computers Use Binary: From Voltage to Zero and One

Learn why binary matches electronic hardware, how transistors create logic, why two-state signals tolerate noise, and why computers do not simply use decimal.

#technology#computer-science#binary#hardware

Jul 16, 20268 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 3

Bits and Bytes: The Small Units Behind Digital Data

Learn what bits and bytes are, how binary patterns represent information, why a byte has 256 possibilities, and how storage units scale.

#technology#computer-science#binary#digital-foundations

Jul 16, 20269 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 2

Analog and Digital Information: How Reality Becomes Data

Understand the difference between analog and digital information, how sampling turns real-world signals into numbers, and why digital copies can remain reliable.

#technology#computer-science#data#digital-foundations

Jul 16, 202611 min readSeries: Tech Explained Simply · Part 1

What Is Technology? A Simple Explanation Beyond Gadgets

Technology is much older and broader than computers. Learn what makes something technology, how technologies become systems, and how to examine any tool clearly.

#technology#computer-science#digital-foundations#beginner

Jul 16, 20263 min readSeries: LeetCode Notebook

LeetCode Easy Notebook - the plan

How I am going to turn Easy problems into a real notebook: pattern first, brute force second, optimized solution third, and complexity last.

#leetcode#algorithms#interview-prep

Jul 16, 20262 min readSeries: AWS from Zero · Part 1124

Cost Explorer: Delete cost category definition from the CLI

Use the AWS CLI to delete cost category definition in Cost Explorer, identify required inputs, and inspect the modeled response.

#aws#cli#cost-explorer#finops#cost